EIP-1559 Fee Model — Base Fee, Priority Fee & Max Fee
EIP-1559 replaced the single gas-price auction with a two-part fee: a protocol-set base fee plus a user tip. This reference explains each component and how the effective price is determined.
Base fee
The base fee is set by the protocol per block, not bid by users. It rises when the previous block was more than half full and falls when it was less than half full, adjusting to congestion. The base fee is burned rather than paid to the validator, which removes it from circulation.
Priority fee (tip)
The priority fee, or tip, is paid on top of the base fee and goes to the validator as an incentive to include the transaction. A higher tip helps a transaction get included sooner during congestion. It is expressed per unit of gas, conventionally in gwei.
Max fee and effective gas price
A sender sets maxFeePerGas (the most they will pay per gas in total) and maxPriorityFeePerGas (the most of that they will give as a tip). The effective gas price paid is base fee plus the priority fee actually applied, capped at maxFeePerGas. Any difference between maxFeePerGas and the effective price is refunded to the sender.
Total fee
The total transaction fee is the effective gas price multiplied by the gas used. Setting maxFeePerGas comfortably above the current base fee lets a transaction survive base-fee increases between submission and inclusion, while the tip controls priority.
よくある質問
Where does the base fee go?
The base fee is burned — permanently removed from circulation — rather than paid to the validator. Only the priority fee (tip) is paid to the validator who includes the transaction.
What is the difference between max fee and priority fee?
maxPriorityFeePerGas is the tip you offer the validator. maxFeePerGas is the total ceiling you will pay per gas, covering both the base fee and the tip. The effective price is base fee plus the applied tip, never exceeding maxFeePerGas.
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